Transmission and Risk Areas
Malaria is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The risk of malaria varies significantly by region; areas with high transmission rates include parts of sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and certain regions in South America. Seasonal variations also affect risk levels, particularly during rainy seasons when mosquito populations surge (CDC, 2024).
Who Should Take Antimalarial Medication
Travellers to Endemic Areas: All travellers visiting areas where malaria is endemic should consider taking antimalarial medication. This includes individuals visiting rural regions or engaging in outdoor activities during peak mosquito activity times (Fit for Travel, 2024).
High-Risk Individuals: Certain groups are at higher risk for severe malaria complications. These include pregnant women, children under five years old, elderly individuals (over 65) and those with weakened immune systems or without a spleen.
Other Mosquito Preventions
In addition to taking antimalarial drugs, employing mosquito bite prevention strategies is vital. Use insect repellents containing DEET or Picaridin, wear long-sleeved clothing and trousers, sleep under insecticide-treated bed nets and ensure accommodations are well-screened or air-conditioned.
Signs & Symptoms
Symptoms of malaria typically develop between 7 to 18 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Common symptoms include high fever, sweats, and chills, headaches and confusion, fatigue and malaise, Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, muscle aches, yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice). In severe cases, complications may arise such as seizures, coma, or death. If untreated, malaria can recur cyclically over several months (Fit for Travel, 2024).
The Tablets
• Course: A single course of tablets starting before departure and continuing for 1-4 weeks after leaving the affected zone; details vary depending on the exact tablets used and area of travel.
• Side effects: Gastro-intestinal disturbances, sleep disturbances and skin discolouration are the most common side effects. Most side effects are mild but should be discussed with a healthcare provider prior to travel (NHS, 2024).
• Children: The tablets are suitable for children as young as 12 weeks.