Transmission and Risk Areas
Hepatitis A is transmitted primarily through contaminated food and water and close personal contact with an infected individual. Areas with a high risk of hepatitis A include parts of Africa, Asia, Central and South America, and Eastern Europe. Travellers should be aware of local sanitation practices and consider vaccination before visiting these regions (Fit for Travel, 2023).
Importance of the Vaccine
The hepatitis A vaccine is crucial for preventing this disease, especially for travellers to areas where the virus is endemic. Vaccination can provide long-term protection, and it is effective in approximately 95% of cases. The vaccine is particularly important for individuals who may be at higher risk due to travel or lifestyle factors (NHS, 2023).
Who Should Get the Hepatitis A Vaccine
High-Risk Travellers: Individuals travelling to areas where hepatitis A is common should receive the vaccine. This includes tourists as well as expatriates and those visiting friends or family in affected regions.
Individuals with Health Conditions: People with chronic liver disease, those who use injection drugs, and men who have sex with men are also advised to get vaccinated due to their increased risk of contracting the virus (GOV.UK, 2023).
Signs & Symptoms
Symptoms usually develop within 10 to 15 days after exposure. Signs and symptoms include fatigue, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain or discomfort, colored bowel movements, loss of appetite, fever (in more severe cases), dark urine, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and the whites of your eyes. Severe complications may include liver failure, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing liver conditions (CDC, 2023).
The Vaccination
• Doses for Adults: 1 dose protects for 12 months. 1st dose should be administered at least 2 weeks prior to travel. A 2nd dose 6 to 12 months later is recommended for long-term protection.
• Doses for Children: Children aged 1 year and older can receive the vaccine. The dosing schedule mirrors that of adults: a first dose followed by a booster 6 to 12 months later
• Side effects: Common side effects include soreness at the injection site, fatigue, fever and gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea (CDC, 2023). These side effects are generally mild and resolve on their own.